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Primary research
Low Estrogen Exposure and/or Defective Estrogen Signaling Induces Disturbances in Glucose Uptake and Energy Expenditure
Estradiol and its receptors are key players in the physiology and insulin production capacity of the β cells of pancreatic islets. Estradiol administration is associated with pancreatic islet hypertrophy and increased insulin release from the β cells in rats. Islet cells isolated from ovariectomized mice respond to glucose with a smaller insulin release than islet cells from intact mice.
After menopause, estrogen loss decreases the insulin secretion, which is transitorily compensated by its reduced elimination. An estrogen deficient milieu endangers the balanced glucose uptake and energy expenditure of skeletal muscles leading to insulin resistance.
Postmenopausal women never using HRT are obviously insulin resistant and exhibit increasing inclination to the associated comorbidities. With ageing, every year after menopause is associated with continuous estrogen loss and parallel advancing insulin resistance.
For women aged 55-65 years, weight gain and obesity are their major health risks. In postmenopausal women, deepening dysmetabolism, obesity and disturbance of male to female sexual steroid levels are associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and malignancies.
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Impacts of Psychological Stress on Osteoporosis: Clinical Implications and Treatment Interactions
While osteoporosis and psychological stress occur via differing mechanisms, there are several potential molecular links that exist between a pathological response to stress and the development of bone disease. Although not a comprehensive list, these may include dysregulation of the HPA-axis and SAM pathway, inflammatory pathways, IGF signaling, estrogen, serotonin, GABA, and RANKL. SOURCE
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Role of cortisol in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis: relationship to bone structure
Excess glucocorticoids are well recognised as a cause of osteoporosis; they inhibit osteoblast function and increase osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis resulting in thinning of the trabeculae. The circadian rhythm of bone turnover, which is linked to cortisol rhythm, is abnormal in osteoporosis. Furthermore, some studies show abnormal cortisol metabolism in osteoporosis. The aim of our…
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Stress Factors Increase Osteoporosis: A ComparativeAssessment of Osteocalcin and Cortisol Levels in Menopausal Women
Osteoporosis, a consequence of menopause in the biological cycle of women, emerges with the conclusion of reproductive capabi lities.Hormonal changes during this phase contribute to the development of the disease. The study evaluated the relationship between stres s,salivary cortisol levels, and osteocalcin, in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The study involved a total of 30 postmenopausal…
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Association of Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms With Increased Bone Turnover During the Menopausal Transition
The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal association between menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and urinary N-telopeptide level (NTX) according to menopausal stage. We conclude that among early perimenopausal and late perimenopausal women, those with VMS had higher bone turnover than those without VMS. Prior to the final menstrual period, VMS may be a…
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Presence of vasomotor symptoms is associated with lower bone mineral density
Objective: To determine whether women with vasomotor symptoms (VMS) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) than women without VMS. Design We analyzed data from baseline to annual follow-up visit 5 for 2213 participants in the bone substudy of the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. At baseline, women were aged 42 to 52 years,…
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Osteocalcin, a promising marker of osteoporosis: evaluation in post-menopausal females with osteoporosis
Background: Osteocalcin, has high affinity for calcium. In osteoporotic women, deficiency of calcium may lead to lowering of the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Thus, in the state of hypo mineralization, free osteocalcin available in the circulation. Therefore, present study was designed to evaluate significance of serum osteocalcin in diagnosis of osteoporosis, and relationship between Serum Osteocalcin…